ITE Nephrology Practice Test

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• A patient with metabolic acidosis has a positive urine anion gap and hypokalemia. This pattern most strongly suggests which RTA?
• High PTH causes hypophosphatemia by which mechanism?
• Which condition is a cause of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis?
• Which test is used to differentiate central from nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
• Which option represents an extrarenal manifestation of VHL involving the pancreas?
• Which medication is commonly associated with hyperkalemia?
• Cockcroft-Gault and MDRD estimates do not accurately measure kidney function in which group?
• Which statement about treating hypovolemic hyponatremia is true?
• Which therapy acutely lowers serum potassium by shifting potassium into cells?
• Which substance is classically associated with an anion gap metabolic acidosis with osmolar gap and optic toxicity?
• Distal RTA is often associated with which autoimmune condition?
• A patient with metabolic acidosis has a positive urine anion gap and hyperkalemia. This pattern most strongly suggests which RTA?
• Fractional excretion of sodium greater than 1% is most consistent with which AKI pattern?
• Cystoscopy is indicated in the evaluation of extraglomerular hematuria under which circumstance?
• Cryoglobulinemia typically presents with which cluster of features?
• Which antacid components pose toxicity risk in CKD patients?
• Antibody-mediated GN including lupus nephritis, ANCA-associated GN, anti-GBM disease, and cryoglobulinemia is treated with which regimen?
• Which drug class should be avoided in type 4 RTA due to risk of severe hyperkalemia?
• In evaluating extraglomerular hematuria, which statement is true?
• Which condition is associated with Hepatitis C and cryoglobulinemia according to the sources?
• Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)?
• Which medication class can cause normal anion gap metabolic acidosis by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase?
• Which signs are typical of hypoosmolar hypovolemic hyponatremia?
• Which medication is commonly associated with hypomagnesemia?
• Hemorrhage into cysts in ADPKD is managed with which approach?
• Which findings diagnose glomerular hematuria?
• Infected cysts in ADPKD are treated with which antibiotic therapy?
• Broad, muddy brown casts in urine are most typical of which condition?
• Active vitamin D should be used to suppress PTH in which CKD stage?
• Which statement best describes struvite stones?
• In the initial workup of nephrotic syndrome, which item specifically screens for an underlying cancer (age-appropriate)?
• In evaluating hyperkalemia, a low urine chloride most strongly suggests potassium loss due to what cause?
• Which finding is most characteristic of nephritic syndrome compared with nephrotic syndrome?
• Staghorn calculi are most commonly associated with which type of stones due to urease-producing infections?
• Which laboratory findings are typical in PSGN?
• In hypoosmolar hypovolemic hyponatremia, which laboratory pattern supports the diagnosis?
• Infective endocarditis–associated glomerulonephritis is most often associated with which complement pattern?
• Which organism is commonly associated with recurrent UTIs and staghorn calculi due to urease production?
• Extraglomerular (non-glomerular) hematuria is characterized by which findings?
• Which electrocardiographic finding is associated with hypokalemia?
• What is the antidote for ethylene glycol poisoning?
• Membranoproliferative GN associated with hepatitis C infection is treated with which antiviral regimen?
• Which statement best describes the use of vaptans?
• What is the suggested treatment for membranoproliferative GN in the absence of infection, per the material?
• An uncommon cause of hypoosmolar hyponatremia is which condition?
• In a patient with metabolic acidosis and a negative urine anion gap, which is most likely the cause?
• For membranoproliferative GN associated with hepatitis C, which antiviral regimen is indicated?
• Sterile pyuria should prompt consideration of which combination of conditions?
• In a pregnant patient with suspected nephrolithiasis, which imaging modality is preferred?
• What is the target serum sodium when treating hyponatremia with neurologic symptoms?
• Calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis is commonly associated with ingestion of which toxin?
• What are the key biopsy findings in PSGN?
• The treatment of IgA nephropathy commonly includes which agents?
• Which medications are known to cause SIADH?
• Which is a common symptom of hypokalemia?
• Fanconi syndrome features include which of the following?
• Which is the most common cause of medication-induced acute kidney injury?
• ADPKD has an increased risk of which renal cancer type?
• White blood cell casts in urine most commonly indicate which pathology?
• Urine findings that support glomerulonephritis in AKI include which of the following?
• Which therapy is considered definitive potassium removal but is not first-line due to time delay?
• Which finding is characteristic of nephrotic syndrome on urinalysis under polarized light?
• Which statement about euvolemic hyponatremia is true?
• What BUN/Cr ratio is typical in SIADH-related hyponatremia?
• Red blood cell casts in the urine are most strongly associated with which renal condition?
• Sterile pyuria refers to white blood cells in urine with a negative culture. It is most classically associated with which condition?
• Urine cytology is most useful in screening extraglomerular hematuria for which condition?
• What is the recommended treatment for severe hypokalemia?
• Idiopathic membranoproliferative GN biopsy features include which of the following?
• Which substance is a calcium-based phosphate binder commonly used in CKD?
• Dietary modification to reduce kidney stone risk should include reducing which of the following?
• Initial management of hypernatremia with hypovolemia involves which approach?
• Methanol poisoning is classically associated with which finding?
• Which laboratory pattern helps distinguish prerenal (hypovolemic) hyponatremia?
• Which of the following best describes the classic features of nephritic syndrome?
• Which laboratory pattern is typical for hypoosmolar hypervolemic hyponatremia?
• In type 4 RTA, which statement about management is true?
• Which finding best indicates a pre-renal AKI in the context of FeNa?
• Cerebral salt wasting typically occurs after which event?
• Isopropanol toxicity presents with which combination?
• In severe isopropanol intoxication, which intervention may be required?
• Membranoproliferative GN without an infectious trigger is most commonly treated with which approach?
• Bartter syndrome is characterized by which combination?
• Proximal RTA (type 2) treatment commonly includes which therapies?
• In severe isopropanol intoxication, which therapy is indicated?
• Which of the following is recommended to control serum phosphate in CKD patients?
• High calcitriol has what effect on phosphate?
• Ethylene glycol poisoning is commonly associated with which findings?
• Methanol poisoning is classically associated with which features?
• What is a key treatment for ethanol toxicity causing ketosis?
• In PSGN, what happens to serum complement levels?
• Which diuretic class increases calcium reabsorption?
• In nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, a desmopressin challenge typically shows which result?
• Which imaging study is used to evaluate nephrotic syndrome for cysts and reflux?
• In normal anion gap metabolic acidosis, which statement about the urine anion gap is correct?
• Which condition is a known cause of hypophosphatemia?
• Ethylene glycol poisoning classically presents with which finding?
• HBV-associated polyarteritis nodosa is treated with which combination?
• Hepatic cysts can occur in ADPKD.
• Pseudohyponatremia is commonly caused by which condition?
• Which urine finding is most indicative of glomerular disease?
• A patient has a low anion gap metabolic profile (<4). Which condition is a known cause of a low anion gap?
• Which of the following is typically associated with normal complement levels in GN?
• In SIADH, which urine osmolality finding supports the diagnosis?
• Which medication class is commonly associated with hyperkalemia?
• Which induction therapy is listed for antibody-mediated GN including lupus nephritis, ANCA, anti-GBM disease, and cryoglobulinemia?
• According to the notes, kidney stones larger than which size typically require invasive procedures?
• Which statement is true regarding autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease inheritance?
• If phosphate remains elevated or the patient cannot tolerate calcium-based binders due to constipation or hypercalcemia, which phosphate binder is appropriate?
• AKI with hydronephrosis on ultrasound is most likely due to obstruction and may be relieved by which intervention?
• Which statement best describes vasopressin receptor antagonists (vaptans) in clinical use?
• Distal RTA (type 1) treatment includes which step?
• The statement 'A dipstick urinalysis does not detect immunoglobulin light chains associated with multiple myeloma' is:
• For a kidney stone that is less than 5 mm, what is the typical outcome?
• Which glomerulonephritis is associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism?
• Oliguria threshold is defined as urine output less than?
• Dipstick protein testing is primarily sensitive to which of the following in urine?
• Which formula is used to calculate the osmolar gap in suspected toxic alcohol ingestion?
• What is the maximum recommended rate of serum sodium correction to minimize risk of osmotic demyelination syndrome?
• In metabolic acidosis, which urinary finding best differentiates GI bicarbonate loss from renal tubular acidosis?
• In CKD, what are the typical targets for A1c and blood pressure?
• Glomerular versus extraglomerular hematuria, which statement is true?
• Which of the following is NOT an appropriate initial therapy for hyponatremia with severe neurologic symptoms?
• Agree or disagree: In CKD patients with scarred, small kidneys (<9 cm), aggressive diagnostic or therapeutic measures are generally not pursued.
• Dipstick protein testing is primarily able to detect albumin excretion in which range?
• Which of the following is a recognized cause of hyperkalemia?
• Which finding would support glomerular rather than extraglomerular hematuria?
• Which medication is used as an alternative treatment for ESRD patients not responsive to vitamin D for secondary hyperparathyroidism?
• A desmopressin challenge that increases urine osmolality most strongly supports which disorder?
• Renal tubular acid–base disorders that cause normal anion gap metabolic acidosis due to impaired hydrogen ion secretion include which types?
• Which of the following is a hallmark feature of nephrotic syndrome?
• What is the classic immunofluorescence pattern seen in anti-GBM disease (Goodpasture syndrome) involving the glomerular basement membrane?
• Which finding is most characteristic of methanol poisoning rather than ethylene glycol poisoning?
• Hungry bone syndrome after parathyroidectomy is listed as a cause of which electrolyte disturbance?
• Which of the following is a cause of high anion gap metabolic acidosis?
• In kidney stone disease associated with hypercalciuria, which therapies are used?
• AKI complicated by abdominal compartment syndrome is typically treated with?
• What protein is detected by a urine dipstick when assessing proteinuria?
• In hypernatremia, the differential diagnosis most notably includes which pairing?
• Which of the following is NOT a common cause of SIADH?
• What characterizes rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?
• Which of the following is listed as a cause of disproportionately low creatinine?
• True or False: Reducing dietary calcium intake decreases the risk of calcium-containing kidney stones.
• For distal ureteral stones less than 10 mm, which regimens are recommended?
• Which of the following is listed as a cause of extraglomerular hematuria?
• How is acute kidney injury defined?
• In post-streptococcal GN, when does hematuria typically occur after a sore throat?
• What is the typical blood pressure target for patients with CKD who do not have significant proteinuria?
• Which statement is true about distal ureteral stones less than 10 mm regarding medical therapy?
• For a kidney stone approximately 6 mm in size, what is the recommended management according to the notes?
• Which imaging modality is typically used first to diagnose suspected kidney stones?
• What is the typical normal range for the urinary anion gap in healthy individuals?
• Nephrotic syndrome is associated with which cancers?
• What is the antidote for methanol poisoning?
• Timing of hematuria in IgA nephropathy after a mucosal infection is best described as which of the following?
• In diabetes mellitus, the presence of retinopathy strongly suggests coexisting nephropathy.
• Hungry bone syndrome after parathyroidectomy leads to which electrolyte disturbance?
• A delta-delta ratio greater than 2 indicates what?
• In ethanol intoxication with ketosis, which therapy addresses ketosis?
• Which two electrolytes commonly accompany hypomagnesemia?
• Which clinical features strongly suggest ANCA-associated GN (Wegener's granulomatosis)?
• Which protein does a urine dipstick screening primarily detect?
• Which serologic test is commonly positive after a streptococcal infection causing PSGN?
• Cerebral salt wasting is distinguished from SIADH by which volume status feature?
• What is the treatment for large struvite stones?
• Pseudohyponatremia is most notably associated with which condition?
• What urinalysis finding is most characteristic of acute tubular necrosis?
• If SIADH does not respond to fluid restriction in the outpatient setting, which agent is commonly used?
• Which infectious disease is linked with nephrotic syndrome?
• For methanol toxicity in severe cases, which intervention is indicated?
• Which test helps determine the etiology of hypernatremia?
• Which molecule increases phosphate absorption in the gut, potentially raising serum phosphate?
• Membranoproliferative GN typically shows which of the following on light microscopy?
• In the workup of extraglomerular hematuria, which test is used to rule out infection?
• Which statement about steroids in distal ureteral stone management is correct?
• Which statement is NOT a mechanism contributing to hyperkalemia?
• For CKD patients with proteinuria, what is the recommended blood pressure target?
• Prior to initiating erythropoietin therapy in CKD patients, which laboratory parameter should be checked?
• Gitelman syndrome is best described by which profile?
• What is the normal range for the anion gap in arterial blood gas analysis?
• Which mechanism describes how nifedipine or tamsulosin aid distal ureteral stone passage?
• Which acid-base disturbance is commonly associated with ethanol intoxication?
• Which infection is most commonly linked to cryoglobulinemia presenting with glomerulonephritis?
• Which glomerulonephritis is classically associated with low serum complement levels?
• White blood cell casts are most consistent with which renal processes?
• What is the first-line treatment for hypertension in ADPKD?
• In hypoosmolar euvolemic hyponatremia due to SIADH, which urine osmolality is typically observed?
• What imaging modality is considered the gold standard for diagnosing kidney stones?
• In acute hyperkalemia, which measure is immediately used to stabilize cardiac membranes?
• Post-renal obstruction causing AKI is suggested by hydronephrosis on imaging and is relieved by which intervention?
• Which of the following is an extrarenal manifestation of VHL?
• If metabolic acidosis is present and the urine anion gap is positive, which renal tubular acidosis types should be considered first, and what test helps differentiate?
• Which finding helps differentiate hematuria from hemoglobinuria?
• Absence of red blood cells on urinalysis rules out kidney stones.
• Which scenario is typical of hypoosmolar hypervolemic hyponatremia?
• Eosinophiluria is most characteristic of which condition?
• What is the recommended treatment for kidney stones caused by hyperuricosuria?
• What test is used to detect microalbuminuria when albumin excretion is less than 300 mg per day?
• What is the recommended rate and timeline for correcting hypernatremia?
• Which is a benign cause of isolated proteinuria?
• In nephrotic syndrome management, when is a kidney biopsy recommended relative to initiating steroids or other immunosuppressive therapy?
• Which test is used to screen for microalbuminuria when albumin excretion is less than 300 mg/day?
• Von Hippel-Lindau disease features include which extrarenal manifestation?
• During a water deprivation test, a marked rise in urine osmolality suggests which diagnosis?
• Which condition is a known cause of nephrotic syndrome?
• If a urine dipstick is positive for blood but there are no red blood cells on microscopy, which tests are most appropriate to differentiate the cause?
• Which medication is a classic cause of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
• What is a first-line pharmacologic treatment for central diabetes insipidus?
• Interpreting delta ratio in mixed acid-base disorders: a delta-delta ratio less than 1 suggests what?
• In type 4 RTA, which electrolyte abnormality is typically present?